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History of photonics
The word 'photonics' appeared in the late 1960s to describe a research field whose goal was to use light to perform functions that traditionally fell within the typical domain of electronics, such as telecommunications, information processing, etc.
Photonics as a field really began with the invention of the laser in 1960, and the laser diode followed in the 1970s by the development of optical fibers as a medium for transmitting information using light beams, and the Erbium-doped fiber amplifier. These inventions formed the basis for the telecommunications revolution of the late 20th century and provided the infrastructure for the internet.
Historically, the term photonics only came into common use among the scientific community in the 1980s as fiber-optic transmission of electronic data was adopted widely by telecommunications network operators (although it had earlier been coined). At that time, the term was adopted widely within Bell Laboratories. Its use was confirmed when the IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society established an archival journal named Photonics Technology Letters at the end of the 1980s.
During the period leading up to the dot-com crash circa 2001, photonics as a field was largely focused on telecommunications. However, photonics covers a huge range of science and technology applications, including: laser manufacturing, biological and chemical sensing, medical diagnostics and therapy, display technology, optical computing.
Various non-telecom photonics applications exhibit a strong growth particularly since the dot-com crash, partly because many companies have been looking for new application areas quite successfully. A huge further growth of photonics can be expected for the case that the current development of silicon photonics will be successful.
Relationship to other fields
Classical optics
Photonics is closely related to optics. However optics preceded the discovery that light is quantized (when the photoelectric effect was explained by Albert Einstein in 1905). The tools of optics are the refracting lens, the reflecting mirror, and various optical components which were known prior to 1900. The key tenets of classical optics, such as Huygens Principle, the Maxwell Equations, and wave equations, do not depend on quantum properties of light.
Modern optics
Photonics is related to quantum optics, optomechanics, electro-optics, optoelectronics and quantum electronics. However each area has slightly different connotations by scientific and government communities and in the marketplace. Quantum optics often connotes fundamental research, whereas photonics is used to connote applied research and development.
The term photonics more specifically connotes:
the particle properties of light,
the potential of creating signal processing device technologies using photons,
the practical application of optics, and
an analogy to electronics.
The term optoelectronics connotes devices or circuits comprising both electrical and optical functions, i.e., a thin-film semiconductor device. The term electro-optics came into earlier use and specifically encompasses nonlinear electrical-optical interactions applied, e.g., as bulk crystal modulators such as the Pockels cell, but also includes advanced imaging sensors typically used for surveillance by civilian or government organizations.
Emerging fields
Photonics also relates to the emerging science of quantum information in those cases where it employs photonic methods. Other emerging fields include opto-atomics in which devices integrate both photonic and atomic devices for applications such as precision timekeeping, navigation, and metrology; polaritonics which differs with photonics in that the fundamental information carrier is a polariton, which is a mixture of photons and phonons, and operates in the range of frequencies from 300 gigahertz to approximately 10 terahertz.
Applications
Aphrodita aculeata, a sea mouse, showing colorful spines, a remarkable example of photonic engineering by a living organism
Applications of photonics are ubiquitous. Included are all areas from everyday life to the most advanced science, e.g. light detection, telecommunications, information processing, lighting, metrology, spectroscopy, holography, medicine (surgery, vision correction, endoscopy, health monitoring), military technology, laser material processing, visual art, biophotonics, agriculture, and robotics.
Just as applications of electronics have expanded dramatically since the first transistor was invented in 1948, the unique applications of photonics continue to emerge. Those which are established as economically important applications for semiconductor photonic devices include optical data recording, fiber optic telecommunications, laser printing (based on xerography), displays, and optical pumping of high-power lasers. The potential applications of photonics are virtually unlimited and include chemical synthesis, medical diagnostics, on-chip data communication, laser defense, and fusion energy, to name several interesting additional examples.
Consumer equipment: barcode scanner, printer, CD/DVD/Blu-ray devices, remote control devices
Telecommunications: optical fiber communications, optical down converter to microwave
Medicine: correction of poor eyesight, laser surgery, surgical endoscopy, tattoo removal
Industrial manufacturing: the use of lasers for welding, drilling, cutting, and various methods of surface modification
Construction: laser leveling, laser rangefinding, smart structures
Aviation: photonic gyroscopes lacking mobile parts
Military: IR sensors, command and control, navigation, search and rescue, mine laying and detection
Entertainment: laser shows, beam effects, holographic art
Information processing
Metrology: time and frequency measurements, rangefinding
Photonic computing: clock distribution and communication between computers, printed circuit boards, or within optoelectronic integrated circuits; in the future: quantum computing
European Technology Platform Photonics21
Photonics21 is a voluntary association of industrial enterprises and other stakeholders in the field of photonics in Europe. By establishing the European Technology platform Photonics21 in 2005, the photonics industry has taken the initiative to shape the European research area in photonics. Photonics21 defines and continuously updates a joint European strategy for photonics in Europe, for both industry and science. Furthermore, the platform provides detailed information about the economic impact of photonics in Europe and it has become the main advisory body of the European Commission for setting up strategic funding programmes in photonics. Photonics21 also provides advice to European member states on strategic investments in photonic technologies and has established a political mirror group which is composed of representatives from relevant European, national and regional public authorities such as ministries involved with research and innovation, funding agencies and the European Commission. The platform has grown from 250 members in 2005 to more than 1400 members, including all relevant players from industry and research in Europe along the whole economic value chain.
Overview of photonics research
The science of photonics includes investigation of the emission, transmission, amplification, detection, and modulation of light.
Light sources
Light sources that are used in photonics are usually more sophisticated than light bulbs. Commonly used light sources in photonics are semiconductor light sources like light-emitting diodes (LEDs), superluminescent diodes and lasers as well as fluorescent lamps, cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and plasma screens. It has to be noted that while CRTs, plasma screens and OLED displays generate their own light, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) like TFT screens require a backlight which is comprised of either cold cathode fluorescent lamps or nowadays more often of LEDs.
Characteristic for research on semiconductor light sources is the frequent use of III-V semiconductors instead of the classical semiconductors like silicon and germanium. This is due to the special properties of III-V semiconductors that allow for the implementation of light emitting devices. Examples for material systems used are gallium arsenide (GaAs) and aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) or other compound semiconductors. They are also used in conjunction with silicon to produce hybrid silicon lasers.
Transmission media
Light can be transmitted through any transparent medium. Glass fiber or plastic optical fiber can be used to guide the light along a desired path. In optical communications optical fibers allow for transmission distances of more than 100 km without amplification depending on the bit rate and modulation format used for transmission. A very advanced research topic within photonics is the investigation and fabrication of special structures and "materials" with engineered optical properties. These include photonic crystals, photonic crystal fibers and metamaterials.
Amplifiers
Optical amplifiers are used to amplify an optical signal. Optical amplifiers used in optical communications are erbium-doped fiber amplifiers, semiconductor optical amplifiers, Raman amplifiers and optical parametric amplifiers. A very advanced research topic on optical amplifiers is the research on quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifiers.
Detection
Photodetectors detect light. Photodetectors range from very fast photodiodes for communications applications over medium speed charge coupled devices (CCDs) for digital cameras to very slow solar cells that are used for energy harvesting from sunlight. There are also many other photodetectors based on thermal, chemical, quantum, photoelectric and other effects.
Modulation
Modulation of a light source is used to encode information on a light source. Modulation can be achieved by the light source directly. One of the easiest examples is to use a flashlight to send Morse code. Another method is to take the light from a light source and modulate it in an external optical modulator.
An additional topic covered by modulation research is the modulation format. On-off keying has been the commonly used modulation format in optical communications. In the last years more advanced modulation formats like phase-shift keying or even orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing have been investigated to counteract effects like dispersion that degrade the quality of the transmitted signal.
Photonic systems
Photonics also includes research on photonic systems. This term is often used for optical communication systems. This area of research focuses on the implementation of photonic systems like high speed photonic networks. This also includes research on optical regenerators which are used to improve the signal quality of an optical signal.
See also
Look up photonics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Physics portal
Biophotonics
European Photonics Industry Consortium
Holography
Microphotonics
Nano-optics
Optics
Photonic crystal
Photonic crystal fiber
Quantum optics
Solar cell
Sources
What is Photonics? (archived copy)
BBC News: Sea mouse promises bright future
External links
International Optical Societies
OSA - Optical Society of America
IEEE Photonics Society
SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering
National Optical Societies
EPIC - The European Photonics Industry Consortium
OP-TEC - National Science Foundation's National Center for Optics and Photonics Education
Photonics Cluster Netherlands - The Internet Portal of the Dutch Photonics Society
Regional Photonics Associations
CPIA - Colorado Photonics Industry Association
Periodicals
Photonics Spectra
Laser Focus World
Electro Optics
Optics & Photonics Focus
Optics & Laser Europe
Nature Photonics
Photonics news
Industrial Laser Solutions
Photonics Online
Research Networks
EURO-FOS - Europe's Research Network on Photonic Systems
ePIXnet - European Network of Excellence on Photonic Integrated Components and Circuits
BONE - Building the Future Optical Network in Europe
v d e
Photonics
Fields
Biophotonics Nanophotonics Microphotonics Photonic computing
Tools
biophoton Optical DPSK demodulator delay line interferometer erbium-doped waveguide amplifier laser optical interleaver optical hybrid photonic integrated circuit Photonic crystals Photonic-crystal fiber slot-waveguide Subwavelength-diameter optical fibre superprism Time-stretch analog-to-digital converter Wireless energy transfer extraordinary optical transmission
Concepts
Arrayed waveguide grating Diffraction grating holographic grating Monte Carlo method for photon transport Wavelength selective switching Atomic coherence Autocloning dark state photon diffusion
Applications
optical neural network Solar sail Fiber-optic communication
See also
Optics
Categories: Optics | PhotonicsHidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from November 2008 | All articles lacking in-text citations
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